CLA
AO1 Select & apply a range of linguistic methods, to communicate relevant knowledge using appropriate terminology & coherent, accurate
written expression
|
AO2 Demonstrate critical understanding of a range of concepts and issues related to the construction and analysis of meanings in spoken and written language, using knowledge of linguistic approaches |
AO3 Analyse and evaluate the influence of contextual factors on the production and
reception of spoken and
written language, showing knowledge of the key
constituents of language
|
Lexis and Semantics:
·
lexical fields
·
colloquial choices
·
contractions
·
use of determiners
·
use of pronouns
·
hypernyms and hyponyms
·
use of names
Grammar:
·
simple; compound complex; sentences
·
awareness of sentence functions
·
elliptical utterances
·
non-standard constructions / grammatical
omissions
·
formation of negatives;
·
use of determiners
·
formation of questions
·
use of morphemes
·
use of passive
·
use of present and past tense,
Phonology:
·
omission of certain sounds
·
consonant clusters etc
·
relationship between sound and meaning
Discourse:
·
turn-taking
·
questions
·
topic shifts
·
minimal responses
·
tag questions
Pragmatics:
·
Non-verbal communication and utterances
·
Use of humour
·
Deixis
·
References to books, tv etc
Language of the Caregiver:
·
Pronunciation
·
Pitch
·
Exaggeration
·
Simple lexis
·
Diminutives
·
Concrete nouns
·
Simple constructions
·
Imperatives
·
Questions
·
Names instead of pronouns
·
repetition
|
Stages of development :
·
Preverbal stage
·
Holophrastic
·
Two word
·
Telegraphic
·
Post-telegraphic
Reaserchers:
·
Katherine Nelson – first 50 words
·
Jean Aitchison - lexical and semantic development
·
Roger Brown – two word phrases and meaning and
morphological development
·
Bellugi – developing use of negatives and use
of pronouns
·
Berko – ‘wugs’ experiment – morphological
development
Phonological development and
research:
·
Phonological
errors
·
Alan Cruttenden (1974)
·
Berko and Brown (1960s) ‘fis’ experiment
Pragmatics / Functions of
language:
·
Halliday
·
Dore
·
Turn-taking Research eg peek-a-boo
Politeness / Face theories
Power theories
Gender theories
Child Directed Speech Theories
and Research :
·
Features of CDS
·
Bruner – Language Acquisition Support System
CLA Theories:
·
Chomsky LAD / virtuous errors / nativist
·
Skinner – beviourism / positive reinforcement
/ negative reinforcement
·
Piaget – Cognitive development
·
Vygotsky – play and cognitive development
·
Bruner – social interactionist
Other References:
·
Genie
·
Deaf children
|
·
Who participates?
·
How old are the participants?
·
What is their gender?
·
What is their relationship?
·
Where are they? What is the setting?
·
What are they doing?
·
What is the purpose of their conversation?
·
What are they talking about?
·
What social and cultural references are there?
|
|
Language change
AO1 Select & apply a range of linguistic methods, to communicate relevant knowledge using appropriate terminology & coherent, accurate
written expression
|
AO2 Demonstrate critical understanding of a range of concepts and issues related to the construction and analysis of meanings in spoken and written language, using knowledge of linguistic approaches |
AO3 Analyse and evaluate the influence of contextual factors on the production and
reception of spoken and
written language, showing knowledge of the key
constituents of language
|
|
Lexis
and Semantics :
·
borrowed/loan
words
·
compounds
·
blends
·
acronyms
·
eponyms/proprietary
words
·
conversion/grammatical
shift
·
pejoration/amelioration
·
broadened/narrowed
·
metaphor/hyperbole
·
semantic
shift
·
archaisms/obsolete
words
·
Americanisms
Grammar:
·
syntax/word
order
·
sentence
structure: use of subordination and coordination.
·
dummy
auxiliary ‘do’ used in negative and interrogative constructions
·
double
negatives
·
inflections
·
plurals
·
prepositions
·
pronouns –
personal (thou, thee, one)relative- who, which, whom
·
verb
tenses/irregular verbs/modal/auxilliary verbs
·
punctuation
Pragmatics:
·
implied
meanings/humour/shared knowledge/taboo language/formality/political correctness
Graphology :
·
look at
images/font and relate to context
Discourse
Structure:
·
written/spoken
language and the conventions of such texts.
Phonology
:
·
alliteration,
assonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, accent/dialect, Received Pronunciation,
assimilation, omission, Estuary English, dialect levelling, Black English
Orthography:
·
spelling
and problems with spelling
|
Background theories of:
·
gender
·
power
·
technology
Standardisation and Codification of language:
·
Printing Press – William Caxton 1476
·
Dictionaries – Dr Johnson’s dictionary 1755
·
Robert Lowth’s ‘Introduction to English
Grammar’ 1762
Prescriptive/Descriptive attitudes:
·
John Humphreys - Prescriptive
·
David Crystal - Descriptive
·
Stephen Fry - Descriptive
·
Jean Aitchison: Language Web – Damp
Spoon/Crumbling Castle/Infectious Disease
·
Dennis Freeborn (phonology): incorectness
view/ugliness view/impreciseness view
·
Phonology :
·
Great Vowel Shift
·
convergence
·
divergence
·
Labov’s ‘Martha’s Vineyard Study’ Informalisation
Worldwide Englishes:
·
bidialectalism
Causes of language change:
·
history and Invasions
·
changing personal and social identity
·
influence of social groups
·
changing attitudes
·
social trends
·
new technologies
·
intellectual activities
|
·
Genre
·
Audience
·
Subject
·
Purpose
·
Who is the text producer/ receiver
·
What are the expectations of the text
receiver?
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